بسم
الله الرحمن الرحيم
University of Gezira
Faculty of Education
Department of English
Language
Assignment about:
Contrastive analysis between
English and Arabic language in simple tenses.
Prepare :
Almunzer Aadil
Kanan Ahmed
Alsadeg Alameen
Supervisor:
Dr. Ahmed Gasm Elsied
Contrastive and Error
Analysis
C E A
Introduction
The word contrastive comes from
the verb to contrast . In English we have the verb contrast and compare , when you contrast
you discuss the differences ,and when you compare
you discuss the similarities .
So in this a assignment we are going
to discuss the differences and similarities between English and
Arabic language in the aspect of tenses specially simple tenses.
If we make a contrastive between
English and Arabic languages ,the main goal behind this study to find
the types of differences and similarities
between two languages, and when we search for the
points of differences and similarities, we are actually searching for the points
where the students would make mistakes.
Objective of contrastive analysis
If you want contrast between two languages
should be looking for
1-Similarities
and differences between each other.
2-Explanation
and prediction of problems in foreign language learning .
3-Developing
and helping students to avoid mistakes.
Levels of contrastive
analysis
There are four
levels of contrastive analysis
1-Phonological
level
This level is concerning of pronunciation , vowels , consonants , phonological rules ,…….e c t .
e. g
In English language the pronunciation
is differ from Arabic in some cases like / s / pronounced as /s / or
/ z /.
2-Semantical level
Is concerning about the word relation and meaning
.
e. g
Such as suffixes that using in word
formation as (l y) change the meaning
and function of word in sentences.
e. g
happy (a d j ) ------ happily (a d v
).
slow( a d j ) ------ slowly ( a d v ) .
( {l y
}changing the word function from adjective to the adverb ,
and change the meaning ).
3-Syntactic
level
The syntactical is concerning about the sentence structure
.
s + v + o+ c ------in English.
v + s + o +c ------in Arabic.
The sentences in Arabic language start
with[ verb + subject +object + complement] opposite than the English sentences .
e. g
- The girl watches TV every day .
تشاهد البنت التلفاز كل يوم .
4-Pragmatic
level
Is concerning about how language
applying in everyday life.
e. g
( look - see - watch
) ---- same meaning in Arabic language (convergence).
(lion) ----- have a different name in Arabic
(divergence )
Simple tenses
If we want to learn any language should be study the
Grammar about it , there are many different ways to think about grammar ,so
as to
explain in points the similarities and differences between second
language learning(foreign language ) and
mother tongue language .
Similarities
1-In
absolute tenses ,the present simple tenses in English and Arabic refer to
general present time which includes the present moment of speaking (now).
2-Also
past simple in English and Arabic language
refer to the action that take place at the past moment of time ,which
include the past moment of time .
3-In
English and Arabic present simple we uses to
express fact
, habits
, customs
, and frequency .
e. g
The earth goes round the sun (fact).
He goes to school every day (habits).
Ahmed always gets up early
(frequency).
4-In
English and Arabic language , past simple we uses to express of habits happen in the past and do not happen
now , to tell a story , talk
about past moment .
e. g
I met Ahmed yester day .
She always went to cinema.
5-Both
English and Arabic language the present simple tenses used to refer or reflect
the future time.
e. g
My brother leaves for Cairo tomorrow.
سوف
يسافر أخي إلي القاهرة غدا
6-Often
Arabic language uses the past tenses where English use the present tenses.
e. g
Shakespeare says .
قال
شكسبير:
I love this girl.
لقد
أحببت هذه الفتاة
7-In English
language the
contrast between form
[go, e s] and [went ] .
The first form basically refer to
present time and second refer to past one .
Also in Arabic language form [ ] and [ ] the first refer to present ,and
the last one refer to the past time.
8-Both
Arabic and English language in educational process, has four skills guide the learner to
successful knowledge or full achievement .
[ reading
–
writing – listening
– speaking ]
9-Social situation is effect in
language using ,the social background which is that class we belong , the
poorest people (working class ) are differ from high class in language using .
Differences
1-According to Linda
(1993)there are two tenses in English
language present and past .
Because future does not exist as
tenses in English ,but is indicated in other ways for example by use of
auxiliary [will- shall ].
From above explanation we can
conclude basically there are two tenses
in English .But traditionally tenses in sub divided in to [ present –past –
future ] and from the three tenses produce the Twelve of the tenses .
In Arabic language there are two
types of verbs form perfect that is action is completed in
perfect time e. g I ate some food . (past
) [ ]
and , imperfect the action still continuing e. g you knock on the door (present ) [ ] .
2-Word order , sentences
construction in English and Arabic are differ from each other , in English the
sentence start with [subject ]plus [verb] plus [object] [s +v +o].
e. g
I met Ali yesterday .
But in Arabic sentence start
[verb]plus[subject]plus[object][v+ s+ o] .
e. g
لعب
الولد الكرة
Word order differ across language
according to the rules of each language .
3- Negative, in Arabic language we use [ laa , maa and
lm ,….
] before the verb to make a negative sentence . But in English language we use [not] with
preceding auxiliary verb to make a negative .
e. g
he does not play football.
هو
لم يلعب كرة القدم
4-Question, in Arabic we use [ hal ] and intonation to make interrogative sentence .
e. g
you went to the market.
ذهبت
إلي السوق (Intonation )
هل
ذهبت إلي السوق
On the other hand, in English there are many differences ways to make interrogative , the auxiliary
[do] has no equivalent in Arabic or also tags question .
e. g
did you go to London ?.
do you like coffee? .
He isn’t very intelligent , is he?.
4-Verb to Be , in
English language there are three devices of verb to Be [ am , is ,
are ] we uses according
their function in sentences , and it is commonly omitted in English by Arabic
speaker .
e. g.
He teacher.
He going to school.
There are common error that students may
commit unconsciously , because in Arabic language absence of verb to Be
.
The correct statement:
He is teacher.
He is going to school .
5-In English we use the
pronouns to complete the meaning of verb .
The verb [write] we use [ he - she - you – we ……..] to complete the meaning of verb [ he writes , she writes ] without change the
shape of verb .
But in Arabic language we change the
shape of verb to inducts some letters.
e. g
تكتب for a female يكتب for a male
6-Psycho linguistic situation .
The psychology of the user or learner
influence his usage of the language , we
use the language as general devices from
our perspective .
7- Arabic language is inflicted with all tenses , but in English the inflection only with third persons singular in
present tenses, otherwise is infinitive form .
That means the main points that influences in
English language infliction are
-Tenses ( past
, present …….)
-Gender ( he
, she ……..)
-Number ( singular , plural )
This differences make students to omits some rules as [s] in their person singular .
e. g
He plays the piano .
we play the piano . (infinitive )
8- The impersonal [ It ] has no equivalence in Arabic language
, Arabic speakers will find its usage
unfamiliar , confusing , and
difficult .
There are several other construction
which correspond to English it statement.
It is five o'clock.
أنها
الساعة الخامسة
It is time to go .
حان
وقت الذهاب
Problems
1-In Arabic language there are two main types of tenses (perfect
– imperfect ) , but in English language there are many different types
of tenses ( present – past –future – perfect – continuous - …. ).
2-Sentence constriction in both languages are different in word order formation , for
example in English the sentence starts with
Subject +verb + object + complement .
I met Ali yester day .
قابلت
علي البارحة.
She receives some present .
تلقت بعض الهدايا.
But in Arabic language sentence starts with
Verb + subject + object + complement
.
لعب الولد الكرة .
The boy plays foot ball .
This different in constriction make students or Arabic speaker to do mistakes during express e. g
Decided the minster yester day to visit the school .
قرر
الوزير البارحة زيارة المدرسة .
So , they put the verb before the noun , why?
Because the Arabic speakers there are
thinking according the forming in mother tongue .
The correct statement is
The minster decided yester day to visit the school .
3-The Negation in Arabic sentence is formed by adding (laa ,
maa , lm ) before the verb .
e. g
- لم يحضر خالد إلي الاجتماع .
Khalid didn’t come to the meeting .
But in English
sentence formed by adding (not ) with preceding auxiliary verb .
e. g
He does not attend the lecture .
لم يحضر إلي المحاضرة .
4-There are
different problems in making
interrogative sentence for Arabic speaker , for example Arabs always use intonation
and (hal ) to forming a question .
e. g
Did you went to the market ?
هل ذهبت إلي السوق \
ذهبت إلي السوق Intonation
5-There is no verb to Be in
Arabic language , and no auxiliary to
do .
e. g
He teacher . He is a teacher . [ ]
The boy tall . The
boy is tall .
[ ]
6- Change in the form of verb
according the personal pronouns in Arabic language is more complicated
and difficult than the English language .
e. g
]يدرس – تدرس – تدرس – تدرسين – ادرس – ندرس [
[he study –she
study – you study [m]- you study [f]- I study – we study ]
7- The impersonal it has no equivalence in Arabic language .
e. g
It's five o'clock .
إنها
الساعة الخامسة .
It's time to go .
حان وقت
الذهاب .
Solutions
1-The learner should
be familiar with tenses or grammar
in general , because grammar is
one of the most importance branches of learning Arabic and English languages.
2-The learners should know the different points between
English Arabic languages such as :
-Construction (word order )
-Negation (how to make negative sentences )
-Interrogative (how to make questions)
3- The learners should have a background convergence
(synonymous ) and divergence (antonymous ) to increase their vocabulary .
4-To design teaching and learning materials .
5-To engage learners in a activities to be good user of the
target language inside or outside the classroom.
6- To review or recreate curriculums or syllabus according to
real life .
7- The teacher should
help learners to pay attention to the structure of the texts beyond the
sentence level .
8- The teacher should have a background about the
students levels of knowledge and structural backgrounds .
المنذر عادل يس
Best Wishes
